Blackheads and whiteheads develop when pores become blocked with excess oil (sebum) and dead skin cells.

• Blackheads occur when the blocked pore remains open, allowing the trapped oil to oxidise and turn black.

• Whiteheads form when the pore closes over, creating a small white or flesh-coloured bump.

Although this type of acne is usually not inflamed, it can progress to more severe breakouts if left untreated.

Papules and pustules develop when a blocked pore becomes inflamed. As bacteria multiply within the pore, the body’s immune system responds, causing redness, swelling and tenderness.

• Papules are small, red bumps without a visible white centre.

• Pustules contain pus and appear as the classic “whitehead” pimple with surrounding redness.

Repeated inflammation may increase the risk of post-acne pigmentation and scarring.

Nodules and cysts occur when inflammation extends deeper into the skin. These breakouts are often larger, painful to touch and can take longer to heal.

Because they affect the deeper layers of the skin, this type of acne has the highest risk of permanent scarring and should be professionally assessed as early as possible.

Even after active acne has cleared, the skin may be left with lasting changes. Damage to the skin’s collagen during the healing process can result in:

• Depressed or pitted acne scars

• Uneven skin texture

• Enlarged pores

• Persistent redness or pigmentation

While acne scars cannot usually be removed completely, treatments such as skin needling can stimulate collagen production to improve skin texture and soften the appearance of acne scarring over time.